Process of RNG

World Energy Outlook special report – https://www.iea.org/reports/outlook-for-biogas-and-biomethane-prospects-for-organic-growth/an-introduction-to-biogas-and-biomethane

• It provides anaerobic environment
• Bacteria put in the digester to convert biomass to biogas
• Sludge from here gets used as manure.
• Collects biogas that has methane content of 40-60% and the rest CO₂

• Removes the CO2, purifies the biogas to required pipeline standards. Gas formed is called biomethane.

• Monitors gas quality
• Prevents non- compliant gas
• Measures and odorizes the volume of RNG

Economics of RNG

• Type 1 – Collection/digestion, conditioning/upgrading and compression.
  • Proportional to amount of biogas
  • Limited economies of scale
  • Do not vary with location
  • This type is based on technological upgrades

• Type 2 – Interconnection costs.
  • Exhibit strong economies of scale
  • Vary based on location

Scope of RNG

Potential for Biogas Recovery Systems

Location Distribution

• In 2019 natural gas was the largest source for electricity generation (38%)
• Coal was 2nd largest (23%)
• Petroleum was about 1%

Decline in coal plants

Can Renewable Energy Power the World? – https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2019-can-renewable-energy-power-the-world/

Difference between Natural Gas & Renewable Natural Gas

Why is RNG more favorable?

• Laws
  • Federal renewable fuel standard
  • California low carbon fuel standard
• Volatility of fossil fuel prices
• Clean burning fuel and with potential of decreasing cost with developing technology
• Domestic production capability and less dependence on geopolitical conditions
• Made from existing waste products
• Reduces transportation cost by $421 million by 2021-NYC
• Can directly replace natural gas
• Reduces otherwise emitted harmful methane

Federal Renewable Fuel Standard

• It requires renewable fuels to be blended into transportation fuel in increasing amounts each year, escalating to 36 billion gallons by 2022
• Compliance is tracked through Renewable Identification Number system which assigns a RIN to every gallon of fuel
• Parties can meet the obligation either by selling required biofuel or by purchasing RIN from parties that exceed their requirement
• Volumes required are based on percentage of its petroleum product sales

Number of RNG plants in North America

RNG PRODUCTION FACILITIES IN NORTH AMERICA – http://www.rngcoalition.com/rng-production-facilities

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The Client is a specialty Petrochemical Engineering company and turnkey supplier of small-scale processing plants for LNG, Hydrogen and Waste to Energy applications. They are experts in the design and supply of direct-fired heaters for all types of refinery and petrochemical applications including Crudes, Vacuums, Cokers, CCRs, Hydrocrackers and Hydrofiners, as well as, Syngas Reformers for Ammonia, Hydrogen and Methanol Production.

�ۿ۴�ý has been chosen owing to its more than two decades of experience in Plant Design and Engineering projects globally. The extensive talent pool of Piping, Mechanical, Structural and Electrical & Instrumentation engineers with expertise in Petrochemical and Natural Gas industries acts as an added advantage in Client’s ability to scale.

�ۿ۴�ý has been chosen owing to its extensive talent pool of Piping, Mechanical, Structural and Electrical & Instrumentation engineers with expertise in Petrochemical and Natural Gas industries. Backed by the experience of more than two decades in delivering various Plant Design and Engineering projects globally, �ۿ۴�ý is able to ensure timeliness and quality.

“For us, it is always about delivering quality. We are excited and positive that our Client will immensely benefit from our Engineering expertise,” says, Head of Engineering Services, �ۿ۴�ý.

About �ۿ۴�ý:

�ۿ۴�ý (enventure.com) is a privately-held, ISO 9001-2015 & ISO 27001-2013 certified Engineering and Master Data Management Services company, with full-fledged delivery center in India. �ۿ۴�ý has been serving clients across the globe since 1997. Today, a preferred supplier of Engineering and Master Data Management services to companies ranging from Startups to Fortune 500, across various industry verticals such as Hi-tech Electronics, Construction, Automobile, Medical, Power & Water, Oil & Gas, and Industrial Manufacturing. �ۿ۴�ý provides a wide array of services to Clients, in areas such as Plant Design Engineering, Building Engineering, Product Design, Technical Documentation, Component Engineering, Environmental Compliance Support and Master Data Management.

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The Client is one of the world’s leading EPC companies, with a strong reputation for quality and safety for many decades.  They have successfully completed several large scale engineering and construction projects across the world, as well as domestically.

The Client required assistance in . The work involved generating drawings in segments as single part, sub- and top-level assemblies. �ۿ۴�ý set up a dedicated team for the project, comprising of experienced and skilled Engineers and Designers. This reduced the initial learning curve and expedited the delivery to cater to the Client’s needs. �ۿ۴�ý released the drawings to the Client in phases to enable simultaneous construction of the structure. This allowed the project to be completed on schedule, thereby avoiding delays which would have caused significant losses to the client in the form of penalties and project overheads. On the successful completion of the project, �ۿ۴�ý’s Head of Engineering said, “Our team’s expertise and agility in using TEKLA software, as well as domain expertise and experience with similar projects enabled �ۿ۴�ý to produce the deliverables committed to the Client without any delay. The Client appreciated �ۿ۴�ý’s methodical work process and ability to meet their deadlines in the fabrication and installation of the large infrastructure project.”

About �ۿ۴�ý:

�ۿ۴�ý Technology Services (enventure.com) is a privately-held, ISO 9001:2008 certified engineering solutions company, with full-fledged engineering service delivery centers in India. �ۿ۴�ý has been serving clients in North America and Europe since 1997 and is today a preferred supplier of engineering services to Fortune 500 companies, across different industry verticals such as hi-tech electronics, electronics manufacturing, automotive and industrial manufacturing. �ۿ۴�ý provides a wide variety of services to Clients, in areas such as Electronic Design, PCB Design, Plant Design Engineering, Piping Engineering, Mechanical Design, CAD, CAM, CAE, Technical Documentation, Component Engineering and Environmental Compliance Support.

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Pipe Rack Design: What exactly should you find out about them?

It is very important to design these pipe racks properly. There might as well be serious issues resulting from improper designing aspects and load combinations. Here are a few factors that must ideally influence pipe rack design. It is the task of the designer to evaluate the design of the pipe racks and the overall stability of the associated structures.

The transverse frames require moment-resisting frames that are able to defy both the lateral loads as well as gravity loads. These gravity loads might as well be produced by seismic loads, pipe loads or wind loads. Longitudinal struts with a single bay braced are used for connecting the transverse frames. While you’re working with these frames, all you have to do is transfer the longitudinal loads to the longitudinal struts. Pipe routing is not predominantly allowed above the cable trays.

Pipe Rack Cross section

More aspects of Pipe Racks Design explained

Different pipe lines require different intermediary support. For instance, if there are transverse bents placed at 7500 center and above, there are two intermediate support structures required. Pipes with large diameters should be allowed to cross between main beams so that only the smaller lines exert loading on intermediate supports. Longitudinal beams shall be provided between the bents. These beams are required for tying up the main bents and provide support for intermediate supports. They are also used distributing forces from the pipe anchors that cannot really be located at an early stage. Column base plates in the transverse (moment frame) direction may be designed as either fixed or pinned.As per Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), a minimum of four anchor rods required to resist a small moment. To minimize layout errors, the base plate is usually squared with a square and concentric anchor hole pattern.

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